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Annatto

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Open fruit of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana), showing the seeds from which annatto is extracted.

Annatto (/əˈnætoʊ/ or /əˈnɑːtoʊ/) is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana), native to tropical parts of the Americas.[1] It is often used to impart a yellow to red-orange color to foods, but sometimes also for its flavor and aroma. Its scent is described as "slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and peppery".[2]

The color of annatto comes from various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the reddish waxy coating of the seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste. Similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food.[3]

Annatto and its extracts are now widely used in an artisanal or industrial scale as a coloring agent in many processed food products, such as cheeses, dairy spreads, butter and margarine, custards, cakes and other baked goods, potatoes, snack foods, breakfast cereals, smoked fish, sausages, and more. In these uses, annatto is a natural alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds, but it has been linked to rare cases of food-related allergies.[4] Annatto is of particular commercial value in the United States because the Food and Drug Administration considers colorants derived from it to be "exempt of certification".

History

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A Tsáchila man, with his hair coloured with annatto

The annatto tree B. orellana is believed to originate in tropical regions from Mexico to Brazil.[1][5] It was probably not initially used as a food additive, but for other purposes, such as ritual and decorative body painting (still an important tradition in many Brazilian native tribes, such as the Wari'); sunscreen; insect repellent; and for medical purposes.[6][7][8] It was used for Mexican manuscript painting in the 16th century.[9] Men of the Tsàchila tribe in Ecuador are highly recognizable thanks to their traditional bright orange hair, which is achieved by using crushed seeds of annatto. It is believed they have been doing so for centuries.

Annatto has been traditionally used as both a coloring and flavoring agent in various cuisines from Latin America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and other countries where it was taken home by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers in the 16th century.[1] It has various local names according to region.[1] Its use has spread in historic times to other parts of the world, and it was incorporated in local culinary traditions of many countries outside the Americas.[10]

Culinary uses

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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on

Traditional cuisine

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Ground annatto seeds, often mixed with other seeds or spices, are used in the form of paste or powder for culinary use, especially in Latin American, Jamaican, Belizean, Chamorro, Vietnamese, and Filipino cuisines. In Mexican and Belizean cuisines, it is used to make the spice recado rojo. In Venezuela, annatto is used in the preparation of hallacas, huevos pericos, and other traditional dishes. In Puerto Rico, it is often simmered in oil or ground with seasonings and herbs to make sazón or used to make pasteles, arroz con gandules, and several other dishes, where it is one of the main ingredients. Annatto paste is an important ingredient of cochinita pibil, the slow-roasted pork dish popular in Mexico. It is also a key ingredient in the drink tascalate from Chiapas, Mexico. In the Philippines, it is used for the sauce of pancit palabok. In Guam, it is used to make a staple rice dish flavored with annatto, onion, garlic, butter, and other spices.

In earlier times, the seeds of the plant were also used as a staple food in South and Central America. Today, an Inca recipe for beer made from cocoa, chilli, honey and annatto is available again. The recipe dates back to 1200 BC and is now marketed in North America under the trade name Dogfish Head Theobroma. In the prehistory and early history of South and Central America, the pure, soaked annatto seed was fermented with 5% honey for 10 days and sometimes used as a sole foodstuff. The continent's universities have now recognised the high nutrient content of the seed and are researching ways to reintroduce annatto as a foodstuff. However, practical solutions that would guarantee a basic food supply from the wild harvest have not yet been taken up again by the population.

Industrial food coloring

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Colby cheese colored with annatto

Annatto is commonly used to impart a yellow or orange color to many industrialized and semi-industrialized foods, including cheese, ice cream, bakery products, desserts, fruit fillings, yogurt, butter, oils, margarines, processed cheese, and fat-based products.[11] In the United States, annatto extract is listed as a color additive "exempt from certification"[12] and is informally considered to be a natural coloring. Foods colored with annatto may declare the coloring in the statement of ingredients as "colored with annatto" or "annatto color".[13] In the European Union, it is identified by the E number E160b.

Cheese

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In cheese, the yellow and orange hues naturally vary throughout the year as the cow's feed changes: in the summer, with fresh grass and its natural carotene content, the milk produced would have a natural orange tint, as would the cheese made from it, while at other times of the year, the tint would be greatly reduced. As the pigment is carried in the cream, skimming the milk, which some farmers did to make butter or to sell it separately, the lesser-quality cheese from such milk would be white.[14][15]

To fool the consumer, the cheesemakers introduced colorants to imitate the more intense colors of the finer summer cheese. Initially these colors came from saffron, marigold, and carrot juice, but later annatto began being used.[14]

In the 17th century, the Dutch, who had established colonies in Guyana, traded in food, particularly an orange-red natural colorant, annatto, with the indigenous communities. Zeeland traders under the authority of the West India Company bought annatto from the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Guyana and Suriname and sold it in the Netherlands as verw ('paint'). One contemporaneous description comes from Adriaen van Berkel, in a book published in 1695, though he does not mention whether it was used in cheese.[15]

The earliest known documentation of annatto's use in cheese is in a 1743 Dutch volume Huishoudelyk Woordboek (Household Dictionary), according to American scientist Paul Kindstedt of the University of Vermont. Other historical documents from the period confirm that annatto (then called "orleaan" or "orleans") was being used to color cheese by the mid-18th century.[15]

England is another country that has used annatto to color its cheeses; colorants have been added to Gloucester cheese as early as the 16th century to allow inferior cheese to masquerade as the best Double Gloucester, with annatto later being used for that purpose. This usage was subsequently adopted in other parts of the UK, for cheeses such as Cheshire and Red Leicester, as well as colored Cheddar made in Scotland.[16][14] Many cheddars are produced in both white and red (orange) varieties, the only difference between the two being the presence of annatto as a coloring.[17] That practice has extended to many modern processed cheese products, such as American cheese and Velveeta. Cheeses from other countries also use annatto, including Mimolette from France and Leyden from the Netherlands.

Cheeses that use annatto in at least some preparations include:

Chemical composition

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Bixin, the major apocarotenoid of annatto[30]

The yellow to orange color is produced by the chemical compounds bixin and norbixin, which are classified as carotenoids. The fat-soluble color in the crude extract is called bixin, which can then be saponified into water-soluble norbixin. This dual solubility property of annatto is rare for carotenoids.[31] The seeds contain 4.5–5.5% pigment, which consists of 70–80% bixin.[30] Unlike beta-carotene, another well-known carotenoid, annatto-based pigments are not vitamin A precursors.[32] The more norbixin in an annatto preparation, the more yellow it is; a higher level of bixin gives it a more orange hue.

Safety

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Annatto condiments and colorants are safe for most people when used in food amounts, but they may cause allergic reactions in those who are sensitive.[33][34] In one 1978 study of 61 patients with chronic hives or angioedema, 56 patients were orally provoked by annatto extract during an elimination diet. A challenge was performed with a dose equivalent to the amount used in 25 grams (7⁄8 ounce) of butter. Twenty-six percent of the patients reacted to this color four hours after intake, worse than synthetic dyes, such as amaranth (9%), tartrazine (11%), sunset yellow FCF (17%), allura red AC (16%), ponceau 4R (15%), erythrosine (12%) and brilliant blue FCF (14%).[35]

Annatto is not among the "Big Eight" substances causing hypersensitivity reactions which are responsible for more than 90% of food related allergic reactions.[4] The US FDA and experts at the Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP) of the University of Nebraska do not include annatto in the list of major food allergens.[36]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Bixa orellana (annatto)". CABI. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Encyclopedia of Spices". TheEpicentre.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  3. ^ Smith, James (2006). "Annatto Extracts" (PDF). Chemical and Technical Assessment. JECFA. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  4. ^ a b Myles, Ian A.; Beakes, Douglas (2009). "An Allergy to Goldfish? Highlighting Labeling Laws for Food Additives". World Allergy Organization Journal. 2 (12): 314–316. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181c5be33. PMC 2805955. PMID 20076772.
  5. ^ "Bija – Achiote". Indio.net. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  6. ^ "Jamaican Annatto". GetJamaica.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  7. ^ Smith, Nigel J.H. (2005). "Geography of Crop Plants" (PDF). Geo 3315, Lecture Notes: Part 2. Department of Geography, University of Florida. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2007.
  8. ^ Lovera, José Rafael (2005). Food Culture in South America. Food Culture Around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-313-32752-0. Retrieved 24 August 2011. annatto venezuela onoto.
  9. ^ "Colorants Used During Mexico's Early Colonial Period". Stanford University. 1997. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  10. ^ "Common Spices in Modern Philippine Recipes". PhilippinesInsider.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  11. ^ Socaciu, Carmen (24 October 2007). Food Colorants: Chemical and Functional Properties. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-0928-6.
  12. ^ "CFR Title 21". U.S. FDA. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  13. ^ "21CFR101.22". Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Volume 2. FDA. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Aubrey, Allison (7 November 2013). "How 17th Century Fraud Gave Rise To Bright Orange Cheese". The Salt. NPR. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  15. ^ a b c Voormolen, Sander (30 May 2016). "Waarom is die kaas zo geel?". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  16. ^ "British Cheese Board". BritishCheese.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  17. ^ "'Sorry Ireland: 'Red cheddar' doesn't really exist'". DailyEdge.ie. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  18. ^ Davies, Sasha; Bleckmann, David (1 October 2012). The Cheesemaker's Apprentice: An Insider's Guide to the Art and Craft of Homemade Artisan Cheese, Taught by the Masters. Quarry Books. ISBN 978-1-59253-755-6. The coloring additive that gives Cheddars that orange color is called annatto
  19. ^ Raichlen, Steven (11 January 1993). Miami Spice: The New Florida Cuisine. Workman Publishing. p. 332. ISBN 978-1-56305-346-7. The seed is traditionally used to color Leicester and Cheshire cheeses.
  20. ^ Leverentz, James R. (4 May 2010). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cheese Making. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-19782-0. Colby cheese gets its distinctive color from the addition of annatto coloring.
  21. ^ Society, New York State Agricultural (1859). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. In Cheshire, one pound of good annatto is deemed sufficient for a ton of cheese; in Gloucester double that quantity is used.
  22. ^ Hurt, Jeanette; Ehlers, Steve (1 April 2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cheeses of the World: A Tasteful Guide to Selecting, Serving, and Enjoying Cheese. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4406-3618-9. Made in and around the university city of Leiden, this Gouda-like cheese is colored with annatto
  23. ^ Elsy, Mary; Norman, Jill (1988). Travels in Normandy. Merehurst Press. ISBN 978-1-85391-003-6. The colour comes from brushing with an annatto solution.
  24. ^ The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-933090-4. Mimolette curds are then colored with annatto
  25. ^ "Culture: The Word on Cheese". culturecheesemag.com. Retrieved 28 October 2019. They're also dyed with roucou, a natural red dye derived from the seeds of the annatto shrub.
  26. ^ Engineers, NIIR Board of Consultants & (1 April 2006). The Complete Book on Spices & Condiments. ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. ISBN 9788178330389. In Europe, annatto extract is used to color butter, margarine, ice cream, sausages and many cheese including red Cheddar, Muenster, Livarot and Leicester.
  27. ^ The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-933090-4. In all forms, Red Leicester has a distinct reddish-orange color derived from the addition of annatto, a naturally occurring food colorant.
  28. ^ "SAINT PAULIN SEMI-SOFT WASHED RIND CHEESE". www.aqua-calc.com. Retrieved 28 October 2019. Ingredients ... RIND CONTAINS ANNATTO (COLOR)
  29. ^ Sheridan, Kevin; Sheridan, Seamus (3 May 2016). Sheridans' Guide to Cheese: A Guide to High-Quality Artisan Farmhouse Cheeses. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-63220-777-7. paste coloured orange red with annatto
  30. ^ a b "Executive Summary Bixin" (PDF). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. November 1997. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  31. ^ Smith, James; Wallin, Harriet (2006). "Annatto Extracts: Chemical and Technical Assessment" (PDF). FAO. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  32. ^ Kuntz, Lynn A. (4 August 2008). "Natural Colors: A Shade More Healthy". Food Product Design. Virgo Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  33. ^ "Annatto: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings". WebMD. 30 July 1999. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  34. ^ Magee, Elaine (9 July 2010). "What's Up With Food Dyes?". Healthy Recipe Doctor. WebMD. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  35. ^ Mikkelsen, H; Larsen, JC; Tarding, F (1978). "Hypersensitivity Reactions to Food Colours with Special Reference to the Natural Colour Annatto Extract (Butter Colour)". Toxicological Aspects of Food Safety. Archives of Toxicology. Supplement. Vol. 1. pp. 141–3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66896-8_16. ISBN 978-3-540-08646-8. PMID 150265.
  36. ^ "AllergenOnline Database". University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved 3 February 2012.

Further reading

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  • Allsop, Michael; Heal, Carolyn (1983). Cooking With Spices. Vermont, US: David & Charles.
  • Lauro, Gabriel J.; Francis, F. Jack (2000). Natural Food Colorants Science and Technology. IFT Basic Symposium Series. New York: Marcel Dekker.
  • Lust, John (1984). The Herb Book. New York: Bantam Books.
  • Rosengarten Jr., F. (1969). The Book of Spices. Pennsylvania, US: Livingston Publishing Co.
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